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Short-term stem diameter variations in irrigated and non-irrigated stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) trees in a xeric non-native environment
Irrigation of adult stone pine trees growing in a xeric non-native habitat had positive effects not only in stem diameter growth but also in tree response to climatic variability. The aim was improve our understanding of the effect of irrigation on (1) stem diameter changes of stone pine trees in a drought-prone environment in Chile and (2) the sensitivity of the species to weather conditions. Studied daily stem diameter changes in irrigated and non-irrigated 31-year-old stone pine trees during a growing season with below average precipitation in Chile. Short-term diameter changes were recorded using high-resolution dendrometers. The detrended daily stem diameter changes, expressing tree water status, were correlated with weather variability in both irrigated and non-irrigated trees. Irrigation increased stone pine productivity in this xeric environment and reduced the correlations between daily stem diameter variations and local climatic variability.
Loewe Muñoz, Verónica-Del Río, Rodrigo-Delard R., Claudia-Balzarini, Mónica
2021
Enhancing Pinus pinea cone production by grafting in a non‑native habitat
Pinus pinea is an interesting species for its valued pine nuts. Despite the high demand for this nut, the species is mostly harvested from natural forests, because the time elapsed until the trees come into production hinders advances toward a more intensive cultivation. The grafting technique has been used to favor an earlier production in native Mediterranean habitats. In Chile, stone pine has been recently included in orchards. The objective of this study was to assess the initial performance in terms of growth, entry into production and cone yield of three grafting trials of the species established in Chile; two of the trials included nursery-grafted plants and the other, in situ grafting of P. pinea on a 3-year-old P. radiata plantation. An earlier entry into production and a higher number of female strobili and 1-year-old conelets (up to 2.9 times) were found in nursery-grafted plants compared with control seedlings. Growth was higher in trees in situ grafted onto radiata pine than in seedlings; eight years after grafting, the trees had achieved reproductive maturity, 67% had on average three cones per tree, and the presence of female strobili and 1-year-old conelets was 6.6 and 15.6 times higher than in seedlings, respectively. Radiata pine could be a feasible rootstock for either in-nursery or in situ stone pine grafting. Grafting accelerated stone pine entry into production, showing to be an effective tool for stone pine propagation and cropping.
Loewe Muñoz, Verónica-Del Río, Rodrigo-Delard R., Claudia-Balzarini, Mónica
2021
Effects of Tuber borchii inoculation on Pinus pinea 3 years after establishment along a latitudinal gradient in the Southern Hemisphere
Stone pine (Pinus pinea) produces a highly demanded dried fruit, the pine nuts; Tuber borchii produces a well-known commercialized truffle. Thus, the co-culture of P. pinea and T. borchii may represents an interesting productive option. This work evaluated the effect of T. borchii inoculation on stone pine tree growth, survival, health, entry into cone production, and mycorrhization level during the first 3 years after establishment along a 2000 km gradient in Chile. We tested two treatments (inoculation and non-inoculation) in a multi-environment trial (MET) involving seven sites along Chile. Plantations were repeatedly measured during 3 years after establishment. In all environments, inoculation enhanced tree height, root collar diameter (RCD) and crown diameter (6.9, 10 and 8.3% higher for inoculated than for non-inoculated plants). Vigor was also favored (14.1% more vigorous trees). Stone pine performance was enhanced in all sites, but mainly in those with extreme environmental conditions. T. borchii mycorrhizae were abundant (over 60% of mycorrhized root apexes) 3 years after establishment. The truffle-host plant combination was not previously evaluated in Chile. The results showed high root colonization levels and the persistence of mycorrhization 3 years after establishment, and an enhanced effect of mycorrhization on tree growth and vigor under different soil and climate conditions, confirming the high plasticity of both species.
Loewe Muñoz, Verónica-Delard R., Claudia-Del Río, Rodrigo-Gregori, Gianluigi-Balzarini, Mónica
2024
Effects of climate and soil properties on growth of Pinus pinea young plantations
Background and aims Growth of Pinus pinea forests and plantations in native countries is known to be affected by soil and climate characteristics. However, edaphoclimatic drivers of growth and fruiting have been scarcely studied outside the species’ native range; in addition, the role of soil nutrients, particularly in juvenile trees’ development, has been poorly explored. Methods Relationships between edaphoclimatic variables and the performance of 54 young plantations were studied in Chile. Vegetative growth and fruiting were measured in 100 randomly selected trees per plantation. Composite soil samples were taken from each site to analyze soil chemical characteristics and texture. A principal component analysis was performed including climatic, soil data, and growth and fruiting variables. Results Annual growth was 1.3 cm year−1 for stem diameter, 28.3 cm year−1 for crown diameter, and 38.9 cm year−1 for height; cone production per crown area was 0.07 cones m−2. Negative correlation of height growth, crown growth and cone production with EC, Na, and pH were found, along with positive correlations with OM, PP and the index PP × AT. Stem diameter growth was favored by less acidic soils with high sand content, and showed no correlation with cone production. Furthermore, vegetative growth was positively correlated with N, P, Mg and clay content. In young plantations, vegetative growth was higher than in the species’ native habitat. Conclusion Soil properties, in particular low EC and Na were identified as favorable for growth of young stone pine trees, along with high content of soil N, P and Mg, and PP.
Loewe Muñoz, Verónica-Bonomelli de Pinaga, Claudia María-Del Río, Rodrigo-Delard R., Claudia-Balzarini, Mónica
2024

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