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Native Plant Production in Chile. Is It Possible to Achieve Restoration Goals by 2035?
Facing rapid loss of biodiversity as a consequence of climate change, Chile has formally pledged to restore 600,000 ha of native forest by 2035. This effort, however, has not considered the amount and quality of native plants required to meet this pledge. Thus, we examined data collected during the annual, government-conducted census of small- and medium-sized nurseries from central Chile, which account for 78% of the nation’s total plant production, to assess if current production is sufficient to meet Chile´s restoration needs. We coupled this with data collected during our series of ongoing research projects to determine if nurseries are currently meeting minimum seedling quality standards based on morpho-physiological attributes. Our four-year analysis (2016–2019) shows that the number of native seedlings has increased by only 4%, but because only 19% of nursery managers have training, just 29% of all seedlings meet quality criteria for restoration. Thus, under the current rate and quality of plant production, meeting restoration pledges desired by the year 2035 would not be achieved until 2181. This timeline can be accelerated through an urgent expansion of nursery space, implementation of a continuous program for technology and knowledge transference, and strong support through governmental policies.
Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Álvarez, Carolina-Dumroese, R. Kasten-Bannister, Jan R.-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-González Ortega, Marta
2021
Situación pre y post-incendio de un ecosistema del tipo forestal Roble-Hualo, Región del Maule, Chile
Los incendios forestales son una de las mayores causas de degradación de ecosistemas en Chile. La temporada de incendios forestales 2016-2017 destacó por la superficie afectada, incluyendo un bosque y matorral, del tipo forestal Roble-Hualo, de alto valor de conservación. Por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del incendio en ambas formaciones, sobre la estructura del dosel mediante la utilización de fotografías hemisféricas. Además, se cuantificó el efecto del incendio en variables químicas del suelo, diversidad y abundancia de la vegetación. Los resultados indicaron una clara degradación de la estructura del dosel del bosque y matorral, aumento en la radiación potencial sobre el piso forestal, reducción del área foliar y cobertura de los doseles sobre el suelo. Asimismo, algunas variables químicas como el pH, materia orgánica (MO%), suma de bases (Sb) y potasio disponible (Kd) aumentaron en el suelo del matorral, no así en el suelo del bosque. La regeneración post-incendio fue escaza en ambas coberturas, además se apreció una considerable pérdida de diversidad arbórea y arbustiva, afectando así la composición de la vegetación, en el bosque y en el matorral
Rosales Rodríguez, Jorge Alejandro-Esquivel Segura, Edwin Antonio-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo
2019
Field Establishment Techniques for Guindo Santo, an Endemic Species from Central Chile
El rendimiento de plantación durante el primer año se midió en guindo santo (Eucryphia glutinosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Baill.), Una especie de árbol endémico de Chile en la zona climática mediterránea, que está catalogada como una especie casi amenazada. Los efectos sobre la supervivencia del tamaño inicial de la planta, la fertilización en el establecimiento y la sombra (con o sin arboles nodriza) se evaluaron durante la primera temporada de crecimiento. La plantación de guindo santo debajo de árboles nodriza fue el tratamiento más importante para aumentar la supervivencia, en comparación con los árboles plantados a pleno sol. Creemos que los efectos positivos de los árboles genealógicos en la supervivencia están relacionados con una disminución del estrés por sequía en las plantas durante el verano, en respuesta a niveles más altos de contenido de agua del suelo y una disminución en la irradiación incidente. Sugerimos encarecidamente el uso de sombra, como árboles nodriza o refugios de árboles, durante el establecimiento de guindo santo en un clima mediterráneo
Álvarez, Carolina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Dumroese, R. Kasten-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Quiroz Marchant, Iván
2019
Manual de manejo de riego y fertilización en viveros de plantas a raíz cubierta
El presente manual recopila la información técnica entregada durante las capacitaciones realizadas a los viveristas beneficiarios del proyecto, cuyo contenido le permitirá al lector conocer y aplicar las metodologías para monitorear gestionar y manejar, de manera práctica, económica y sencilla, el agua y nutrientes en su producción de plantas forestales. Mediante el desarrollo de ejercicios prácticos incluidos en este manual, el viverista podrá llegar a hacer un uso eficiente de los recursos agua y nutrientes durante el proceso de viverización de plantas nativas y exóticas.
Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Álvarez, Carolina-García Rivas, Edison-Mena Marín, Pilar Paz
2019
Intraspecific variation in drought response of three populations of Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, two native species from mediterranean Central Chile
An increase in the severity of drought events on Mediterranean climates highlights the need of using plant material adapted to drought during restoration efforts. Thus, we investigated between-population morpho-physiological differences in Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, two native species from Mediterranean central Chile, for traits that could effectively discriminate population performance in response to water restriction (WR) testing. Three populations from each species were subjected to WR treatment and physiological, morphological, and growth parameters were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. In C. alba, the most xeric population displayed smaller plants with mesophyllous leaves and lower photosynthetic rates indicating a resource saving strategy. Moreover, the xeric population performed better during WR than the most mesic populations, exhibiting higher water use efficiency (iWUE) and maintenance of growth rates. All C. alba populations responded equally to WR in terms of morphology and biomass partitioning. In contrast, differences among P. lingue populations were subtle at the morpho-physiological level with no apparent relation to provenance environmental conditions, and no morphological traits were affected by WR. However, in response to WR application, the most mesic population was, as observed through reduction in relative growth rates, more affected than xeric populations. We attribute such discrete differences between P. lingue provenances to the lower distributional range of selected populations. Our results show that relative growth rates in both species, and iWUE only in C. alba, exhibited population specific responses upon WR imposition; these results correspond with the environmental conditions found at the origin of each populations. Both traits could further assist in the selection of populations for restoration according to their response to water stress.
Álvarez, Carolina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Dumroese, R. Kasten-González Ortega, Marta-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo
2020
Production and establishment techniques for the restoration of Nothofagus alessandrii, an endangered keystone species in a Mediterranean forest
Ruil (Nothofagus alessandrii) is an endangered keystone species from the Mediterranean climate zone of Chile. Ruil’s fragile state of conservation urges development of restoration programs, but specific protocols for nursery production and field establishment that ensure plant survival are largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect on nitrogen (N) fertilization and container size during nursery production in combination with the use of mesh shelters after outplanting on survival and growth during the first growing season in the field. First year outplanting survival of nursery-grown container seedlings was enhanced when seedlings were given nitrogen (N) during nursery production and deployed with mesh tree shelters in the field. The volume of the container had no effect on outplanting survival and growth. Increasing N from zero to 200 mg N L−1 provided sufficient N levels, resulting in increased seedling height, root-collar diameter, shoot biomass, and total seedling N and phosphorous concentrations. Additional N provided by the 400 and 600 mg N L−1 treatments underwent luxury consumption by the seedlings with no further benefits in field performance. Improved growth in the nursery, along with the use of mesh tree shelters after outplanting, especially during the typical summer drought, may be responsible for increased survival during the first growing season. Increasing the performance of nursery-grown ruil seedlings is essential to restoring this endangered, vulnerable, and foundation species within the highly biodiverse, yet seriously threatened endemic Maulino Costero Forest of the Mediterranean climate of central Chile.
Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Álvarez, Carolina-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Dumroese, R. Kasten-González Ortega, Marta
2020
Efecto de la concentración de fósforo y calcio sobre atributos morfo-fisiológicos y potencial de crecimiento radical en plantas de Aextoxicon punctatum producidas a raíz cubierta en la etapa de endurecimiento
El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de fósforo y calcio en la etapa de endurecimiento en vivero, sobre atributos morfológicos (longitud de tallo, diámetro de cuello, área foliar), fisiológicos (estatus nutricional) y potencial de crecimiento radical (largo y número de raíces nuevas) de plantas de olivillo (Aextoxicon punctatum) producidas a raíz cubierta. Se definieron nueve esquemas nutricionales que variaron fósforo y calcio en tres concentraciones cada uno (0, 150 y 300 mg L-1) Luego de 13 semanas, periodo de endurecimiento, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos para las variables morfológicas y de potencial de crecimiento raíces. Sin embargo, tratamientos con aplicaciones de 300 mg L-1 de fósforo generaron las mayores concentraciones a nivel foliar de nitrógeno y las menores de calcio. Dosis de 300 mg L-1 de calcio aplicadas en el medio determinaron una mayor concentración foliar del mismo elemento, y un mayor número de raíces y más largas.
González Ortega, Marta-Ríos L., Darcy-Peña-Rojas, Karen-García Rivas, Edison-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Sánchez-Olate, Manuel
2020
Hillslope soil erosion and mobility in pine plantations and native deciduous forest in the coastal range of south‐Central Chile
Significant areas of Latin America, and especially of Chile, have been forested with forest plantations to provide timber and fiber and to decrease soil erosion after deforestation. Despite their potential contribution to reducing erosion processes, the magnitude of this decline has not been adequately assessed. In this study, we estimated soil loss and mobility for one year on steep hillslopes using the traditional erosion‐pin approach at five micro‐catchments planted with Pinus radiata with different stand ages and compared them to an adjacent secondary broadleaf Nothofagus sp. native forest. Annual net soil loss (ASL) positively correlated with cumulative rainfall (R2 = .49, p < .001). ASL averaged 65.03 ± 9.8 mg ha−1 yr−1, with the lowest ASL in the natural forest with 21.4 ± 3.1 mg ha−1 yr−1 and the highest in one of the 1‐year‐old plantation micro‐catchments (88.9 ± 9.3 mg ha−1 yr−1). ASL under plantation stands of different ages displayed no significant differences. All areas showed similar net soil loss index values, averaging 83.0 ± 1%, suggesting that most of the sediment left the hillslope. The RUSLE model predicted ASL moderately well across all sites and conditions (0.41, p = .018), but it tends to underestimate ASL, particularly for native forests. On average, soils on hilly terrain under plantation forest may suffer losses up to four times greater than natural forests. The latter stresses the need to improve our understanding of erosive processes that may be still active under planted forest, and to better assess the effect of management practices on soil erosion, particularly on previously highly degraded and erodible soils.
Aburto, Felipe-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Mardones, Oscar-Rubilar, Rafael
2021
Pre-Germination Treatments at Operational Scale for Six Tree Species from the Sclerophyll Forest of Central Chile
Sclerophyll forest in Mediterranean central Chile has been subjected to severe degradation due to anthropic disturbances and climate change and is in need of restoration. Since direct seeding is usually unsuccessful, we need to research seed propagation to produce plants for restoration. Our objective was to assess pre-germination treatments for six native woody species (Acacia caven, Lithraea caustica, Quillaja Saponaria, Porlieria chilensis, Kageneckia angustifolia, and Ceratonia chilensis) of the sclerophyll forest, considering its operational applicability and consequences for nursery plant production. Treatments were selected according to previous studies, and operational applicability in nurseries. Germination and level of seeds water imbibition were assessed. Results indicate that time for seed water imbibition is critical for germination in A. caven, P. chilensis and K. angustifolia, with an average germination of 90.2 ± 2.0%, 85.0 ± 4.7%, and 47.4 ± 2.3%, respectively. Gibberellin did not improve germination compared to water soaking in Q. Saponaria, K. angustifolia and P. chilensis. In addition, physical scarification is a suitable treatment for L. caustica and C. chilensis, instead of chemical scarification, avoiding handling toxic and corrosive compounds in nurseries. We recommend assessing seed water imbibition rates as a key factor for proper germination processes.
Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Álvarez, Carolina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Urbina Parra, Alejandro-León Lobos, Pedro Mauricio
2022
Effect of Temperature on the Germination of Five Coastal Provenances of Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser, the Most Representative Species of the Mediterranean Forests of South America
Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting seed germination, and it is strongly influenced by local site conditions. Seeds of Nothofagus glauca, an endemic and vulnerable species of the Mediterranean region of Chile and the most representative of the Mediterranean forests of South America, were collected. In this study, we evaluated the effect of temperature on different germinative attributes of five N. glauca provenances representative of their natural distribution. The seeds were treated at a constant temperature (i.e., 18 °C, 22 °C, 26 °C, or 30 °C) in the absence of light for 40 days. The results show that in all the provenances, the germination ratio and energy increase linearly with temperature until reaching an optimum temperature (i.e., 22 °C), above which they decrease severely. At 22 °C, the response of average germination speed and germination vigor was significantly higher than with the other temperatures (performance of germination start day was not clear). The base temperature was around 18 °C and the maximum, above 30 °C, which may be close to thermo-inhibition. Given the threat of climate change, it is necessary to increase research in terms of the possible adaptation of this species to increased temperatures and prolonged periods of drought.
Santelices M., Rómulo-González Ortega, Marta-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Cabrera Ariza, Antonio
2022

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