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Hydroscapes: A useful metric for distinguishing Iso-/Anisohydric behavior in almond cultivars
As a consequence of climate change, water scarcity has increased the use of the iso-/anisohydric concept with the aim of identifying anisohydric or drought-tolerant genotypes. Recently, Meinzer and colleagues developed a metric for discriminating between iso- and anisohydric behavior called the hydroscape, which describes a range in which stomata control leaf water potential (Y) with decreasing water availability, and it is linked to several water-regulation and drought-tolerance traits. Thus, our objective was to test the usefulness of the hydroscape in discriminating between iso- and anisohydric Prunus dulcis cultivars, a species that is widely cultivated in Mediterranean central Chile due to its ability to withstand water stress. Through a pot desiccation experiment, we determined that the hydroscape was able to discriminate between two contrasting Prunus cultivars; the more anisohydric cultivar had a hydroscape 4.5 times greater than that of the other cultivar, and the hydroscape correlated with other metrics of plant water-use strategies, such as the maximum range of daily Y variation and the Y at stomatal closure. Moreover, the photosynthesis rates were also differently affected between cultivars. The more isohydric cultivar, which had a smaller hydroscape, displayed a steeper photosynthesis reduction at progressively lower midday Y. This methodology could be further used to identify drought-tolerant anisohydric Prunus cultivars.
Álvarez, Carolina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Pinto, Manuel
2021
Native Plant Production in Chile. Is It Possible to Achieve Restoration Goals by 2035?
Facing rapid loss of biodiversity as a consequence of climate change, Chile has formally pledged to restore 600,000 ha of native forest by 2035. This effort, however, has not considered the amount and quality of native plants required to meet this pledge. Thus, we examined data collected during the annual, government-conducted census of small- and medium-sized nurseries from central Chile, which account for 78% of the nation’s total plant production, to assess if current production is sufficient to meet Chile´s restoration needs. We coupled this with data collected during our series of ongoing research projects to determine if nurseries are currently meeting minimum seedling quality standards based on morpho-physiological attributes. Our four-year analysis (2016–2019) shows that the number of native seedlings has increased by only 4%, but because only 19% of nursery managers have training, just 29% of all seedlings meet quality criteria for restoration. Thus, under the current rate and quality of plant production, meeting restoration pledges desired by the year 2035 would not be achieved until 2181. This timeline can be accelerated through an urgent expansion of nursery space, implementation of a continuous program for technology and knowledge transference, and strong support through governmental policies.
Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Álvarez, Carolina-Dumroese, R. Kasten-Bannister, Jan R.-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-González Ortega, Marta
2021
Rasgos-CL: A functional trait database of Chilean woody plants
Due to language and networking barriers, global initiatives to compile trait data often fail to integrate data from sources in non-English languages or scientists that largely speak and write in non-English languages. To illustrate the potential for regional databases to fill gaps in trait data, and how such databases may fill critical gaps in global biodiversity databases, we built the Rasgos-CL Database. Rasgos-CL provides a comprehensive set of plant traits for the woody flora of Chile by mobilizing and standardizing unstructured data largely from the Spanish-language literature. We quantified the gains in trait coverage compared to global trait databases and identified phylogenetic and geographic biases of trait data gaps. Rasgos-CL contains 25,174 trait records, including 2 continuous and 21 categorical traits for 662 woody species.
Alfaro, Elías-Pérez Tello, Valentina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Ovalle, Juan F.-Segovia, Ricardo-Craven, Dylan
2023
Situación pre y post-incendio de un ecosistema del tipo forestal Roble-Hualo, Región del Maule, Chile
Los incendios forestales son una de las mayores causas de degradación de ecosistemas en Chile. La temporada de incendios forestales 2016-2017 destacó por la superficie afectada, incluyendo un bosque y matorral, del tipo forestal Roble-Hualo, de alto valor de conservación. Por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del incendio en ambas formaciones, sobre la estructura del dosel mediante la utilización de fotografías hemisféricas. Además, se cuantificó el efecto del incendio en variables químicas del suelo, diversidad y abundancia de la vegetación. Los resultados indicaron una clara degradación de la estructura del dosel del bosque y matorral, aumento en la radiación potencial sobre el piso forestal, reducción del área foliar y cobertura de los doseles sobre el suelo. Asimismo, algunas variables químicas como el pH, materia orgánica (MO%), suma de bases (Sb) y potasio disponible (Kd) aumentaron en el suelo del matorral, no así en el suelo del bosque. La regeneración post-incendio fue escaza en ambas coberturas, además se apreció una considerable pérdida de diversidad arbórea y arbustiva, afectando así la composición de la vegetación, en el bosque y en el matorral
Rosales Rodríguez, Jorge Alejandro-Esquivel Segura, Edwin Antonio-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo
2019
Field Establishment Techniques for Guindo Santo, an Endemic Species from Central Chile
El rendimiento de plantación durante el primer año se midió en guindo santo (Eucryphia glutinosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Baill.), Una especie de árbol endémico de Chile en la zona climática mediterránea, que está catalogada como una especie casi amenazada. Los efectos sobre la supervivencia del tamaño inicial de la planta, la fertilización en el establecimiento y la sombra (con o sin arboles nodriza) se evaluaron durante la primera temporada de crecimiento. La plantación de guindo santo debajo de árboles nodriza fue el tratamiento más importante para aumentar la supervivencia, en comparación con los árboles plantados a pleno sol. Creemos que los efectos positivos de los árboles genealógicos en la supervivencia están relacionados con una disminución del estrés por sequía en las plantas durante el verano, en respuesta a niveles más altos de contenido de agua del suelo y una disminución en la irradiación incidente. Sugerimos encarecidamente el uso de sombra, como árboles nodriza o refugios de árboles, durante el establecimiento de guindo santo en un clima mediterráneo
Álvarez, Carolina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Dumroese, R. Kasten-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Quiroz Marchant, Iván
2019
Manual de manejo de riego y fertilización en viveros de plantas a raíz cubierta
El presente manual recopila la información técnica entregada durante las capacitaciones realizadas a los viveristas beneficiarios del proyecto, cuyo contenido le permitirá al lector conocer y aplicar las metodologías para monitorear gestionar y manejar, de manera práctica, económica y sencilla, el agua y nutrientes en su producción de plantas forestales. Mediante el desarrollo de ejercicios prácticos incluidos en este manual, el viverista podrá llegar a hacer un uso eficiente de los recursos agua y nutrientes durante el proceso de viverización de plantas nativas y exóticas.
Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-González Ortega, Marta-Álvarez, Carolina-García Rivas, Edison-Mena Marín, Pilar Paz
2019
Shrub influences on seedling performance when restoring the slow‐growing conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum in southern bog forests
Forest restoration is most efficient if it can take advantage of facilitative interactions between established vegetation and planted trees. However, positive and negative interactions have been identified in a number of plant communities. After centuries of anthropogenic fires, forest recovery has been extremely slow in southern bog forests previously dominated by the slow‐growing and vulnerable conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum on Chiloé Island, Chile. Today, the landscape is dominated by secondary shrublands with scattered patches of Sphagnum moss and limited natural tree regeneration. We hypothesized that the retention of secondary shrubs facilitates the early performance of P. uviferum restoration plantings by providing better microsite conditions. To test this hypothesis, we compared the response of seedlings planted on sites prepared at two levels of intervention: after shrubs had been removed or where shrubs were retained. Shrub retention showed a nurse‐plant effect on P. uviferum seedlings 4 years after planting, which resulted in reduced physiological stress (measured as Fv/Fm) for seedlings, as well as reduced browsing. Consequently, the seedlings growing in areas with shrub retention had larger height increment and higher vitality than those in areas where shrubs had been removed. Thus, the more open micro‐site conditions created by shrub removal resulted in generally poorer seedling performance, although seedling mortality—which was low overall (approximately 2–4%)—showed no significant difference between the two levels of intervention. These findings have direct implications for the restoration of slow‐growing conifers that can tolerate extreme wet conditions in highly degraded forests.
Bannister, Jan R.-Travieso, Germán-Galindo Castillo, Nicole-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Puettmann, Klaus J.-Salas Eljatib, Christian
2020
Piñones de pino (Pinus pinea) y trufa de Borch (Tuber borchii): una alternativa atractiva en un contexto de cambio climático
En Chile, se han plantado más de 4 000 ha de pino piñonero; en cuanto a trufas, se ha cultivado principalmente Tuber melanosporum, es por ello que la asociación de Pinus pinea y Tuber borchii en estudio en Chile central desde el 2017, es prometedora dada la alta adaptabilidad ecológica tanto de la trufa como del pino piñonero. Se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con Tuber borchii y la fertilización en plantas de Pinus pinea producidas en vivero y 1 año después del establecimiento en un ensayo multi ambiental (MET) en siete sitios en Chile central.
Delard R., Claudia-Loewe Muñoz, Verónica-Del Río, Rodrigo-Gianluigi, Gregori-González Ortega, Marta-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Balzarini, Mónica
2022
Major bottlenecks for the restoration of natural forests in Chile
International agreements combined with the recent Chilean Forestry Policy (2015–2035) represent a challenge and an opportunity for forest landscape restoration in Chile. Nevertheless, restoring over 500,000 ha using mainly native species seems like a daunting task by 2035. Here, we discuss the three major bottlenecks that currently constrain the restoration efforts of forest ecosystems in Chile. First, Chile urgently needs a national strategic plan for forest landscape restoration, which should take into account mid- and long-term goals. There is also a need to prioritize resource allocation for efficient use, promoting the creation of economic subsidies for restoration that consider different types of forest ecosystems. Second, there is a great need for better nursery protocols in plant production as well as to strengthen educational programs for professional and technical training, given the lack of high-quality personnel in Chilean nurseries. This would help increase the currently limited national plant supply, improving quality and increasing the diversity of native species suitable for forest restoration. Lastly, taking advantage of novel eco-technological tools and promoting innovative plantation design would help to overcome the usually deficient results in the establishment phase, leading to higher survival rates and promoting better performance of native species. Beyond current experiments that are relatively efficient on a small spatial scale, the practice of forest restoration needs to become massive and successful at a landscape scale. More and better applied research is crucial for improving the impact of forest landscape restoration, so that Chile can achieve its forest restoration challenge in the next decade.
Bannister, Jan R.-Vargas-Gaete, Rodrigo-Ovalle, Juan F.-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Fuentes-Ramírez, Andrés-Donoso, Pablo J.-Promis, Alvaro-Smith-Ramírez, Cecilia
2018
Intraspecific variation in drought response of three populations of Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, two native species from mediterranean Central Chile
An increase in the severity of drought events on Mediterranean climates highlights the need of using plant material adapted to drought during restoration efforts. Thus, we investigated between-population morpho-physiological differences in Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, two native species from Mediterranean central Chile, for traits that could effectively discriminate population performance in response to water restriction (WR) testing. Three populations from each species were subjected to WR treatment and physiological, morphological, and growth parameters were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. In C. alba, the most xeric population displayed smaller plants with mesophyllous leaves and lower photosynthetic rates indicating a resource saving strategy. Moreover, the xeric population performed better during WR than the most mesic populations, exhibiting higher water use efficiency (iWUE) and maintenance of growth rates. All C. alba populations responded equally to WR in terms of morphology and biomass partitioning. In contrast, differences among P. lingue populations were subtle at the morpho-physiological level with no apparent relation to provenance environmental conditions, and no morphological traits were affected by WR. However, in response to WR application, the most mesic population was, as observed through reduction in relative growth rates, more affected than xeric populations. We attribute such discrete differences between P. lingue provenances to the lower distributional range of selected populations. Our results show that relative growth rates in both species, and iWUE only in C. alba, exhibited population specific responses upon WR imposition; these results correspond with the environmental conditions found at the origin of each populations. Both traits could further assist in the selection of populations for restoration according to their response to water stress.
Álvarez, Carolina-Acevedo Tapia, Manuel-Dumroese, R. Kasten-González Ortega, Marta-Cartes Rodríguez, Eduardo
2020

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